A History of Severe Real S&P 500 Stock Bear Markets

Looking at the first chart which shows the real (inflation adjusted) S&P 500 (or its predecessor) stock market I have identified three historic severe stock bear markets. These I am defining as stock markets where from the stock market reaching a new high, they then proceeded to lose in excess of 60% of their real (inflation adjusted) value. These are best demonstrated by the second chart which shows each of these stock bear markets and the fall in percentage terms from the peak. So what were these bear markets.

The first severe stock bear (marked in purple on the chart) market started with a new real high being reached in September 1906. This period incorporated the 1907 Bankers Panic which was caused by banks retracting market liquidity and depositors losing confidence in the banks. This occurred during an economic recession and there were a number of runs on banks and trust companies. Additionally many state and local banks were bankrupted. All sounds a bit familiar doesn’t it? So from the high it took until January 1920 for the stock market to reach a real loss of 60.9% and then until December 1920 to reach its real low of -70.0%. That’s a period of 14 years and 3 months.

The second severe stock bear (marked in blue on the chart) market started with a new real high being reached in September 1929. This is obviously the well known period of the Great Depression. I won’t go into the history here as I’m sure it’s well known by all readers. What is interesting however is that the markets passed through -60% on a number of occasions. So from the high it took until January 1931 for the stock market to reach a real loss of 62.0% and then until June 1932 to reach its real low of -80.6%. That’s only a relatively short period of time however it really wasn’t over then as the market never really recovered and kept dipping back below -60% in real terms. This occurred in January 1933, July 1934, April 1938, June 1940, February 1941 and was back at -73.1% in May 1942. That’s a period of 12 years and 8 months. Even 20 years later the market was still below the real -60% mark.

The third severe stock bear (marked in olive on the chart) market started with a new real high being reached in December 1968. This period incorporated the stock market crash of 1973 to 1974 which came after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system and also incorporated the 1973 Oil Crisis. So from the high it took until March 1982 for the stock market to reach a real loss of -60.9% and then until July 1982 to reach its real low of -62.6%. That’s a period of 13 years and 7 months.

So that brings me to the last line on the chart marked in red which shows the real bear market that we are currently in. This period began in August 2000 with the Dot Com Crash however we were unable to reach a new real high before the Global Financial Crisis took hold. In this real bear stock market we were unable to break through -60% ‘only’ reaching -58.6% in March 2009. That is a period of only 8 years and 7 months. Even today we are still -38.1% which is a period of 9 years and 5 months which is a relatively short period of time compared with the bears shown above.

My question is once the governments of the world are forced to stop stimulating the economies through borrowing (for example a bond market strike) or quantitative easing (for example excessive inflation) could we yet see that real -60% bear? History suggests there is still plenty of time for it to occur.

Assumptions include:
- Inflation data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. December ‘09 & January ‘10 inflation is extrapolated.
- Prices are month averages except January ‘10 which is the 11 January ’10 S&P 500 stock market close.
- Historic data provided from Professor Shiller website.

US Inflation – January 2009 Update

The above chart shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) up to December 2010 courtesy of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Year on year inflation has risen from 1.8% in November ’10 to 2.7% in December ‘10. This index is going to be interesting to watch because month on month the index has actually fallen -0.2%.

I have taken the liberty of dividing the chart into two sections. The first red section runs from 1871 to 1932 and the second blue section runs from 1933 to present day. I chose this break point as during 1933 the US officially ended their link to the gold standard. I think this chart demonstrates a point that government will always choose to inflate debt away at the expense of savers if given the chance. They could not do this under the gold standard.

To demonstrate this arithmetic mean inflation rates have been:
1871 to 1932 CPI = 0.5% with deflation being a regular occurrence.
1933 to Present CPI = 3.7%

The CAGR CPI from 1871 to 1932 has been 2.1%.

Further Reasons Why I Use the Shiller PE10

Regular readers will know that to try and squeeze some more performance out of a retirement investing strategy that is heavily focused on asset allocation I use a cyclically adjusted Price / Average 10 Year Earnings (PE10) ratio for the S&P 500 to value the US stock market. The method used is that developed by Yale Professor Robert Shiller. My latest update is that for January ’10.

The first chart today shows the chart that I show each month which reinforces why I use this method. The R^2 value is low at 0.0566 and the correlation is also low at -0.15. That said however these values, along with a look at the trend line, suggests that some advantage may be able to be taken of the relationship. I must point out here how the x and y axes are calculated for this chart.

The x axis should not be an issue for any regular reader. It is simply the monthly PE10 ratio which is the real (ie inflation adjusted back to 1871) price of the S&P 500 divided by the real monthly average of the previous 10 years earnings. The y axis is the real price in 13 months time minus the real price in 1 months time plus the real dividend all divided by the real price in 1 months time. Hope that makes sense... It is also important to note that I then calculate these values every month to form the scatter chart that I show.

I have been thinking about the fact that I am only analysing the historical return on investment from the S&P 500 that can be expected for a period of 1 year. I am certainly not a 1 year investor and so I wondered what these charts would look like for 5 or even 10 year periods.
To do this easily I am going to switch from monthly data points to one data point for each year which I have chosen to be January for no other reason than it is the first month of the year. This is because before I can run the real return calculations I first have to calculate a total return for the S&P 500 going back to 1871 and this is easiest done with yearly data.

Now to the interesting bit. Firstly, as a comparison to the monthly chart above my second chart shows the 1 year real total return versus the PE10. Charts three and four then show the 5 and 10 year real total return versus the PE10. Examining the R^2 and correlations shows:
1 year, R^2 0.0462, correlation -0.21
5 year, R^2 0.1554, correlation -0.39
10 year, R^2 0.2725, correlation -0.52

This for me is really interesting. It suggests that the longer the period of time you hold the stocks or equities the more the Shiller PE10 becomes a useful measure for predicting future expected real returns. This reinforces why I am using the PE10 ratio as part of my retirement investing strategy.

As always some assumptions:
- Q1 ’09 & Q2 ’10 earnings are estimates from Standard & Poors.
- Inflation data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. December ‘09 & January ‘10 inflation is extrapolated.
- January ‘10 dividend is estimated as December ‘09 dividend.
- Prices are month averages except January ‘10 which is the 11 January ’10 S&P 500 stock market close.
- Historic data provided from Professor Shiller website.

The Recession and Global Financial Crisis is Over. Back to the Boom in House Prices.

You’d be forgiven for thinking that it’s all over if you caught page 19 of the London Evening Standard which has the headline ‘London house prices surge past the pre-recession peak of 2007’. Apparently the suburbs of Mayfair, Knightsbridge, Belgravia, Pimlico, Chelsea, Kensington, Holland Park, Notting Hill and Regent’s Park have risen in price by 51% from their lowest point in March of 2009. As an added bonus they are now 3% above the previous high.

Can you spot a theme with the suburbs? It’s amazing what bailing out the banks, the Bank of England dropping the Official Bank Rate to 0.5% and around £200 billion of Quantitative Easing can achieve. It’s certainly helped some however I don’t think we’re out of the woods yet. Let me provide some further evidence.

I don’t have to look far. Firstly, page 31 leads with ‘More bank losses feared after SocGen writedown’. Society Generale have issued a surprise profit warning stating they have to write down a further EUR1.5 billion on is Collateralised Debt Obligations on residential Mortgage Backed Securities after deciding to take a “stricter assessment” on their value. Now where have I heard those words before?

Until banks face up to their losses and clear their balance how can we move onto the next business cycle. At this rate we’re going to end up just like Japan. A further sobering thought is that this is all still going on and the peak of the Alt-A resets in the US are just starting now.

Secondly, page 33 tells us that ‘Flat manufacturing triggers talk of recession’s return’. Manufacturing output has failed to grow for a second month in a row leaving manufacturing output 5.4% lower than a year earlier.

That doesn’t sound like a boom to me. To me it sounds like it’s going to get worse before it gets better.

Australian Property Market (Alternate Data) – January 2009 Update

The Brisbane and Australian Eight Cities (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart, Darwin & Canberra) House Price Index published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics catalogue 6416.0 suits my requirement to track Australian house prices as part of my retirement investing strategy. It however seems to have two flaws. Firstly the housing data is only published quarterly and secondly this housing data is then published over a month after the quarter ends.

I’m therefore looking for something that helps me keep my finger on the pulse a little more. Certainly monthly figures are desirable. I am going to therefore use housing data published by RPData and in particular I will monitor the Brisbane and Logan City numbers.

The above chart shows the figures to November 2009. With the Reserve Bank of Australia now over their global financial crisis panic and apparently in an interest rate raising cycle plus the government removing housing stimulus by reducing first home buyers grants I ask is the Australian housing market slowing. Brisbane median prices this month have only increased by $100 ($510,000 to $510,100) which is only 0.2% annualised and Logan City median prices by $1,000 ($370,000 to $371,000) which is still 3.2% annualised.

Is the property boom running out of legs?